Links to figures have been broken because
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Chapter 1 - Matter and Change
- Chemistry is a Physical Science
- Science
- biological science - study of living things
- physical science - study of non living things
- Chemistry
- involved with living and non living things
chemistry - definition
questions involved in chemistry are those such as
a) what is a material made of?
b) what is the internal arrangement of particles?
c) how does it behave when in contact with other types of matter;
d) how does it behave when the temperature is changed, when the pressure
is changed, when the volume is changed?
use of instruments: allow better and faster observations and measurements
e.g. scanning electron microscope, x-ray crystallography, gas chromatography,
etc.
- Branches of Science
- organic
chemistry - definition
- inorganic
chemistry - definition
- physical
chemistry - definition
- analytical
chemistry - definition
- biochemistry
- definition
- theoretical
chemistry - definition
chemical - definition
definite composition refers to the atoms (molecules) that make up
the chemical e.g. water, hydrogen, carbon , carbon dioxide, etc.
Knowing the properties of chemicals lets scientists find uses for
the chemicals.
- Basic Research
basic research - definition
such research involves taking a substance such as carbon and determining
what other elements carbon will react with directly and if it
does react, what are the properties of the resulting compound
serendipity
chance favors the prepared mind
- Applied Research
applied research - definition
How was freon (a fluorocarbon) affecting the ozone layer and what
refrigerant would be a good substitute and not affect the ozone
layer?
solve a problem not just a matter of curiosity
- Technological Development
technological development
- definition
e.g. computers, halogen head lamps for cars, synthetic fibers
such as kevlar for bullet proof vests
technological applications occur after the basic research that
provided the information
sometimes hard to know where the line is for basic research, applied
research, and technological applications.
Homework: 1.1
- Matter and its Properties
All objects are made of matter.
matter - definition
mass - definition
volume - definition
Mass and volume are two general properties of all matter.
- Basic Building Blocks of Matter
fundamental particles of all matter are atoms and molecules
atom - definition
element - definition
compound - definition
molecule - definition
Figure 1-3a page
10
Figure 1-3b page
10
- Properties and Changes in Matter
All matter has characteristic properties.
Properties can be used to identify a substance or to separate substances
from each other. Properties form the basis of most all of chemical investigations.
A group of matter consisting of many different substances may share a
similar property
e.g. metals are lustrous,
malleable,
ductile,
conduct heat and electricity.
A substance found to have one or more of these properties may be a metal.
The more properties you know the better you will be able to identify a
substance.
Extensive properties - definition
e.g. volume, mass, etc.
Intensive properties - definition
e.g. melting point, boiling point, density, ability to conduct heat and
electricity, etc.
figure1-5 page
12
Properties can be further divided into physical properties and chemical
properties.
- Physical Properties and
Physical Changes
Physical property - definition
e.g. melting point, boiling point, triple point
Physical change - definition
Change of state - definition
e.g. melting, freezing, boiling, condensation, sublimation, liquefaction
Four physical state of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma.
| |
volume |
shape |
| solid
|
definite |
definite |
| liquid
|
definite |
takes
shape of container |
| gas
|
no definite |
no definite |
| plasma
|
no definite |
no definite |
Solids: particles packed closely together and their only movement
is vibrational. Strong attractive forces between particles.
Liquids: particles farther apart than in solids and have vibrational
and translational motion. Still have attractive forces between particles
but weaker than in solids.
Gases: particles are very far apart and have vibrational and full
translational motion. Attractive forces between particles is almost
zero.
The three physical state differ in the distance between particles
and the attractive forces between particles.
Figure 1-6
page 13
changes in state:
solid ---> liquid - melting
liquid ---> gas - boiling or evaporation - depending on the temperature
solid ---> gas - sublimation
gas ---> liquid - liquefaction
vapor---> liquid - condensation
liquid ---> solid - freezing
gas v vapor
- Chemical Properties and
Chemical Changes
chemical property - definition
We need to enter the substance into a chemical reaction which by definition
will change its identity. e.g. burning a piece of paper, iron rusting,
silver tarnishing, copper oxidizing
Figure 1-4
page 11
chemical change - definition
Figure 1-7
page 14
mercury (II) oxide ---> mercury + oxygen
reactants - definition
products - definition
reactants ---> products
meaning of --->
Total mass of reactants must equal total mass of products.
Law of Conservation of Mass
- statement
Created means created from nothing. Destroyed means changing it to
nothing.
- Energy and Changes in Matter
Energy is always a factor in any change -- physical or chemical.
Most common forms of energy for chemists include:
heat
light
electricity
Energy can be either absorbed - endothermic process - or given off
- exothermic process.
Endothermic process - definition
Exothermic process - definition
Law of Conservation of
Energy - statement
- Classification of Matter
Figure 1-8 page
15
Matter ---> either mixture or pure substance
mixture - definition
mixture ---> homogeneous or heterogeneous
homogeneous mixture - definition
examples
heterogeneous mixture - definition
examples
mixtures can be separated by
a) filtration;
b) centrifuge
c) chromatography
d) etc.
Figure 1-9 page
16
- Pure Substances
pure substance ----> compound or element
pure substance - definition
compound - definition
examples
element - definition
examples
Figure 1-10 page
17
Pure Substances v Mixtures
a) samples of pure substances have the same chemical and physical properties
and these properties can be used to identify the pure substance;
a mixture depend on the relative amounts of the components of the mixture;
b) a pure substance will always have the same composition; while a mixture
may have different composition depending on the relative amounts of each
component.
- Laboratory Chemicals and Purity
All chemicals have some impurities; Table 1-1 page 18
Homework: 1.2
- Elements
These are the building blocks of matter.
They are organized into groups that have similar chemical properties.
Tool that we use is the periodic table.
- Introduction to the Periodic
Table
Many different types of periodic tables.
Most are made up of squares that have the symbol for the element in the
square as a minimum.
Generally have another number that increases by one as you move from one
element to another, from left to right -- atomic number.
Abbreviation for the element is called a symbol.
Symbol is made up of first letter of name or first and second letter or
first and third letter, etc.
Name may be common name or one derived from Latin or Greek -- table 1-2 page 20
group/family - definition
period/series - definition
Groups are numbered from 1 to 18.
Series are numbered from 1 to 7.
Lanthanide and actinide series.
- Types of Elements
table is divided into two sections - metals and nonmetals
meals on left; nonmetals on right; metalloids are on the border line --
stepped red line
- Metals
Properties:
a) lustrous - shiny
b) ductile - can be drawn into wire
c) malleable - can be hammered or rolled into sheets
d) conduct heat and electricity well
mercury
gold - 1 oz of gold can be stretched into a wire five (5) miles long
or hammered into a sheet 100 feet square.
- Copper: A representative
Metal
READ
- Nonmetals
Properties:
a) brittle;
b) low heat and electrical conductivity
gases at room temperature
bromine
carbon, phosphorus, selenium, sulfur and iodine - solids at room temperature
- Phosphorus: A Representative
Nonmetal
READ
- Metalloids
stepped red line on periodic table
metalloid - definition
solids at room temperature
semiconductors of electricity
- Noble Gases
Group 18
sometimes called inert gases
unreactive
1962 - breakthrough reacting Xe with F
gases at room temperature
neon, krypton, and xenon - lighting
helium lighter than air
Homework: 1.3
end of notes
Chemistry is the study of the composition,
structure, and properties of matter and the changes matter undergoes.
back
Organic chemistry is the study of
most carbon containing compounds. back
Inorganic chemistry is the study
of all substances not classified as organic, mainly those compounds
that do not contain carbon. back
Physical chemistry is the study
of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy.
back
Analytical chemistry is the identification
of the components and composition of materials. back
Biochemistry is the study of substances
and processes occurring in living things. back
Theoretical chemistry is the
use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind
observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties
of new compounds. back
A chemical is any substance that has a definite
composition. back
Basic research is research that is
carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge.
back
Applied research is research that
is carried out to solve a problem. back
Technological development
involves the production and use of products that improve our quality
of life. back
Matter is anything that has mass and takes
up space. back
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in
an object. back
Volume is the amount of three dimensional
space an object occupies. back
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that
maintains the properties of that element. back
An element is a pure substance made of only
one kind of atom. back
A compound is a substance that is made
from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.
back
A molecule is the smallest unit of an element
or compound that retains all of the properties of that element or
compound. back
Extensive properties depend on
the amount of matter that is present. back
Intensive properties do not depend
on the amount of matter present. back
Physical property is a property
that can be observed or measured without changing the identity
of the substance. back
Physical change is a change that does
not involve a change in the identity of the substance. (appearance
may change) back
Change of state is a physical change
of a substance from one physical state to another. e.g. solid to liquid
or liquid to vapor, etc.
back
A
chemical property is a property that can only be determined by changing
the identity of the substance.
back
A
chemical change (chemical reaction) is a change in which one or more
substances are converted into different substances.
back
The substances on the left of the chemical
reaction are called reactants.
back
The substances on the right of the chemical
reaction are called products.
back
Statement of the Law of Conservation
of Mass: Mass cannot be created or destroyed.
back
Endothermic process is one in
which energy is absorbed. back
Exothermic process is one in which
energy is given off. back
Law of Conservation of
Energy states that the total energy in a chemical or physical process
remains the same -- energy cannot be created or destroyed.
back
A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds
of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties.
back
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture
that has uniform composition. Also called a solution.
back
A heterogeneous mixture is a
mixture that does not have uniform composition.
back
A
pure substance is a substance that has a fixed composition and consists
of one particular type of matter.
back
A
compound is a pure substance that consists of two or more elements
chemically combined. back
An element is a pure substance that cannot
be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
back
A group or family is a vertical column
on the periodic table. back
A series or period is a horizontal row
on the periodic table. back
A metalloid is an element that can behave
as either a metal or a nonmetal under certain conditions. back
